“the American Criminal Justice System” free essay sample

â€Å"The American Criminal Justice System† Timeline: Key occasions in the verifiable improvement of capital and beating In 1692, the Salem Witch Trials started and is viewed as an extraordinary catastrophe in history including religion and convictions. Numerous individuals endured during this time on the off chance that they were recognized as a witch and the results were authorized by the pastor of Salem, Samuel Parris, and his devotees. A couple of disciplines included unlawful hunt and seizure’s, preliminaries, and whenever sentenced, executed. The Salem witch preliminaries proceeded for eight months after Cotton Mather contended the mass feelings against the charged suspects and after the ministry started to scrutinize the proof, Governor Phips, shut down the executions and all denounced. A sum of twenty individuals and two mutts lost their lives during this occasion in time. In 1934, the military jail closes on Alcatraz Island because of an ascent in operational expense and the Federal government opens a Federal Prison on the Island to imprison prominent detainees. This area was perfect to hold unmanageable wrongdoers in confinement and authorities trust it would prevent carried out wrongdoing to those people in the public arena. Fourteen endeavored escapes happened inside the twenty-nine years of activity. In March 1963, Alcatraz shut because of the structure gradually preventing and safety efforts reduced because of spending cuts. After the departure of Frank Morris and the Angelin Brothers, many investigated the jail for its security. In 1987, the United States made the condemning rules under the Sentencing Reform Act in 1987. The rules brought about a criminalization and condemning procedure permits the arraignment control and Judges would need to follow these rules with little prudence on the choice. Congress would have the duty of making a structure to dodge â€Å"Unwarranted condemning divergence among respondents who held comparable records who have been seen as liable. † The condemning rules started a discussion including the lawful and social clashes and outcomes. The death penalty Methods and Procedures: Lethal Gas and Lethal Injection are the two strategies utilized in the State of California for the death penalty. The methodology for a Legal Injection execution includes tying the prisoner onto a cart with restrictions in an execution chamber. A cardiovascular screen is associated with the prisoner and a printer outside the execution chamber. Two I. V. ’s are embedded in the veins and once the Warden signs to begin, 5. 0 grams of sodium pentothal is infused. The line is then flushed with clean saline arrangement and followed by 50 cc of pancuronium bromide. The line is flushed again and the last infusion comprises of 50 cc of potassium chloride. The technique for Lethal Gas execution is the detainee is limited in a steel sealed shut chamber. Cyanide pellets are held in a holder underneath the detainee. A compartment on the floor contains sulfuric corrosive and three agents turn one key. The electronic switch makes the holder on the floor open and permits the cyanide to fall in the sulfuric corrosive to make the deadly gas. The prisoner is checked so the superintendent knows when the detainee is done relaxing. Fumes fans and smelling salts are siphoned into the chamber, alongside two scrubbers that contain water. This procedure takes around 30 minutes and the passing ordinarily happens inside six to eighteen minutes. Scott Peterson was condemned to deadly infusion in March 2005 for the homicide of his better half, Laci Peterson and is as of now imprisoned in San Quentin Prison. Scott Peterson is a white male, thirty eight years old. Richard Ramirez is known as the â€Å"Night Stalker† and condemned to death row in 1989 for slaughtering at least 14 individuals. Richard Ramirez is a fifty-one years of age, Mexican male. Richard Davis was condemned to death row for the homicide of Polly Klaas in 1996 and different feelings include: theft, robbery, abducting and scurrilous follows up on a youngster. Richard Davis is a white male, fifty-six years of age. Established Amendments which defend detainees: The Eighth, Fifth, and Fourth Amendment shields prisoners from merciless and uncommon discipline, segregation, permits prisoners qualification for parole, just as upholding fair treatment. The Eighth Amendment requires correctional facilities and jails to cling to standard day to day environments in an others conscious condition, including the necessities to live and security against physical maltreatment. The Fifth Amendment offers detainees the privilege to a quick and fair-minded preliminary, alongside an open protector to speak to their case in court. Finally, the Fourteenth Amendment awards detainees security and equivalent control from prison guards. Jail engineering structures in America: The New York State’s Auburn System and the Pennsylvania System were two essential design plans in America. Eastern State Penitentiary is known as the main prison structured by John Haviland which opened on October of 1829. The inside pinnacle was situated in the prison which connected to single story cell squares. The single unit cells were 8 x 12 feet x 10 feet high and included running water, a can, and asmall singular exercise yard which was a similar width as the cell. The basic role for the prison was to put lawbreakers in isolation with the expectation that the detainees would utilize an opportunity to ponder their degenerate ways and change their practices which would lead them headed for reclamation. With the prisoners in isolation, detainees couldn't incite or battle with one another while imprisoned and I would trust some would feel scared with day to day environments without any aims of returning. Some contended the jail was exorbitant and dominant part of the watchmen would torment the detainee truly and mentally making the day to day environments harsh. The jail inevitably shut and was surrendered in 1971 because of the jail self-destructing and right now is working as an exhibition hall. Jail characterization is utilized to asses an inmate’s hazard and program needs. The levels are named close, medium, least 1, least 2, and least 3. Prisoners delegated â€Å"close† present the most elevated danger of and least 3 detainees present the most reduced hazard. Experts in the division of jails are answerable for doling out inmate’s grouping/level. These measures have been set up to look after request, ensuring staff, and detainee security. Contrasts among Parole and Probation obligations and where the procedure is utilized in the Criminal Justice System: Probation is the condemning during and after imprisonment for a person who carried out a wrongdoing. Contingent upon the degree of the wrongdoing, an appointed authority arranges how much time an individual is imprisoned and once discharged, orders conditions that should be followed while waiting on the post trial process. People are liable for keeping the principles and a post trial agent will intently screen the individual’s recovery process. Parole is known as an early discharge from jail and is offered to people who keep the principles while imprisoned. The parole board will settle on the choice if the prisoner is fit to be discharged go into society and assess his conduct while imprisoned. Conditions despite everything do make a difference to a parole and our firmly observed by a Parole Officer. Probation happens after an individual has carried out a wrongdoing and Parole happens while an individual is imprisoned. A couple of obligations or obligations for a Probation Officer include: Evaluating the offender’s progress and conduct; Assist guilty parties in finding and look after work; and liable for all case the board. A Parole Officer monitor’s the discharged individual to guarantee they are following the conditions and limitations. A few obligations include: keeping in touch with the parole and their families; assess and report the parole’s progress; may work with the two Juveniles and grown-ups. Contrasts among recovery and discipline and who may support every idea: Rehabilitation allows a person to find out about his activities and offers individuals’ help for reemergence into society. Recovery programs are accessible to both grown-up and adolescent guilty parties. Chronic drug use Rehab, Alcohol Addiction Rehab, Violent Behavior Rehab are a couple of projects utilized in restoring an individual. Imprisonment limits a detainee to a little cell with almost no benefits. Except if a detainee is presently recovery, Incarceration doesn't offer assistance. Detainment is set up for both adolescent and grown-up wrongdoers. In California, the normal expense for every detainee is $35,000 every year and $70,000 every year for old detainees who require more regard for their social insurance. Guilty parties who lament their activities and have solid ethics would support the recovery idea. While recurrent wrongdoers who figure out how to adjust to the jail condition will support imprisonment.

Child Development Developmental Theorists Essay

Formative Theorist, as Pigged, Goldberg, and Freud, n tot just award guardians the chance to be the best parent they could be, their hypotheses al low overseers to break down the advantages and outcomes of utilizing different strategies. Living from 1856 to 1 939, Sigmund Freud turned into the structure hinder in which other formative scholars came to follow. Creating a thought that the oblivious us mind is the wellspring of inspirations, much the same as a chunk of ice, he hypothesized how the three structure oral segments of he id, inner self, and superego happen inside the brain at various stages.The id, pr sent during childbirth, coordinates the requirement for delight and attempts to satisfy what is placekicking. The e sense of self is framed with everyday reality, anticipating the plausible results of social decision s. Finally, the superego makes the inner understanding of the guidelines and estimations of the jealousy reorient. In my cousin, who is right now five years of age , the id and inner self are apparent. At the point when she w as more youthful, she ate a great many bunches of treats. As her fourth year unfolded, she understood the at on the off chance that she ate too Unguent 2 much sweets, she would get in a difficult situation by her parents.Nonetheless, well known AR portions are indicated repudiate Fraud's convictions, similar to when, Simply Psychology expressed that the explanation s of â€Å"Fraud's hypothesis is unfeasible it can nor be demonstrated valid or invalidated. For instance, t he oblivious brain is hard to test and measure equitably. By and large, Fraud's hypothesis is high blessed unscientific† (McLeod). Numerous likewise observe that Sigmund overlooked vital subtleties that didn't fit h is thoughts. Albeit a few censured his view, Sigmund Freud has a line of supporters. He pulled in d such a significant number of brings down that the Vienna psychoanalytic Society was set up in 1908.I dir precisely accept that Freud fo rmed the considering youngster improvement as we probably am aware it. Everyday models demonstrate that Fraud's hypothesis remains constant. Every day lives are changed in new pathways as a youngster becomes more established. In addition to the fact that Freud developed an essential basic model of youngster created NT, he permitted Pigged to work off of his hypothesis. Conceived in 1896 and living until 1980, clinician Jean Piglet's advantage was base d on the reasons a kid furnished wrong responses on questions that included consistent reasoning , looking into the psyche of the grown-up and the child.From there, he built up the psychological advancement hypothesis. As per Cosmologically. Com, Pigged finished up t cap â€Å"children are brought into the world with an extremely fundamental mental structure (hereditarily acquired and developed) on which all ensuing learning and information is based† (McLeod). He likewise arrived at the resolution that two procedures are basic f or improvement, digestion and settlement. An absorption is figuring out how to get occasions or articles dependent on existing structure. Com impersonation implies the development Of understanding as new data gets retained. With various stages, the youngster forms into an adult.The stages are involved status (birth to two o years), operational (two to seven years), concrete operational (seven to eleven ye ears), and formal Unguent 3 activities (eleven years and past) (McLeod). The game look a-boo is a sort cal case of Piglets idea. The kid does not understand that an individual's face is holing up behind the e hands and acts really shocked each time that individual's face is uncovered. This is the sense rainstorm stage. As the youngster develops, the kid understood that the person has â€Å"the capacity to organize his engine exercises to understand this problem.Eventually he will utilize his hands to move yours in a meat decay to uncover your face, yet until that time an absence o f item lastingness makes look a-boo fun† (â€Å"P gadget†). Despite the fact that Pigged thought of an extremely compelling hypothesis, a few specialists scatter night before Piglet's hypothesis. They accept that he neglected to â€Å"consider the impact that the social setting g and culture may have on subjective development† (McLeod). Furthermore, as indicated by Simply As nature, â€Å"others have questioned the age scopes of the stages. A few investigations have demonstrated that star departure to the formal operational stage isn't guaranteed† (McLeod).Many others have solid pop meeting to Pigged for different reasons. Be that as it may, Pigged didn't have all analysis to his hypothesis. In instruction, instructors can convey and comprehend chi lilied. Scientists tally nine to develop Piglet's plans to build information on subjective turn of events. By and by, I a Greer with Piglet's way to deal with child rearing since it permits grown-ups to get a ha ndle on how a youngster grows up ND have prime correspondence with their kids. Subsequently, Pigged built up the Cognitive De plush Theory in how a kid's brain develops, yet Viscosity adopted an alternate strategy to parent ting.As a Russian analyst, Level Viscosity lived from 1896 to 1934, building the idea of the Coloratura Theory. The Socio Trial Theory is based off the manner in which a chi cover's learning designs transform, because of the cooperation among youngsters and their socio al condition. By framework or help with a youngster's learning, â€Å"the kid doesn't just acacia re new information however gains ground in their development† (â€Å"Viscosity what's more, he Unguent 4 accepted that psychological instruments stretch out a kid's capacity to take care of issues and make e arrangements in the cutting edge world.For example, claiming to be a cook in reality is a Quinn separations of a kid attempting to impersonate their folks, broadening their insight and adva ncing the IR innovativeness. Resistance to Level Bigotry's view comprises of his conviction that it applies to all CUL turns. To delineate this, Oregon, who lived in 1 990, â€Å"dismisses the possibility that Bigotry's id as are socially all inclusive and rather expresses the idea of platform which is intensely depend imprint on verbal guidance may not be similarly helpful in all societies for a wide range of learning† ( McLeod). Or then again negate this, numerous study hall instructors have utilized platform as both educate fail and understudy work together in working on summing up, addressing, summarizing, and anticipate inning. As the understudy turns out to be further developed, the instructor's job diminishes after some time (McLeod). I issue m this scholars since he offered another attitude toward how child rearing ought to be finished. Kids n need direction to acquire, not helicopter guardians that are attempting to continually cause their children beet to fail direc tly.Level Viscosity is a model of a way to deal with child rearing that has become extraordinary Ely persuasive to society. Through their various strategies, formative scholars have made a guide to how a parent should bring up youngster. Essentially, I have discovered that scholars have class zed the degrees of improvement and different scholars extend past their thoughts. All through my exploration, got a handle on that however various scholars have approaches, they all lead back to one dainty g: a parent gives the slope all they learn and the manner in which they create.

Best of Book Riot Everything I Need to Know About Teaching Literature I Learned from Winnie the Pooh

Best of Book Riot Everything I Need to Know About Teaching Literature I Learned from Winnie the Pooh To celebrate the end of the year, were running some of our favorite posts from the last six months. Well be back with all-new stuff on January 7th. _________________________ Ive been a full-time college instructor of composition and literature for just over two years now, and in that time Ive taught 17 classes (now working on my 18-21st classes this semester) and read an awful lot of pedagogical theory. But I think my favourite pedagogical philosopher has to be A.A. Milne, the creator of my favourite little character in all of literature: Winnie-the-Pooh. In grad school, I often aligned myself with Piglet (it felt awfully hard to be brave being only a Very Small Animal), but Im now seeing more and more wisdom in all the characters of the Hundred Acre Woods. Let me walk you through what I mean. Patience, grasshopper. If the person you are talking to doesnt appear to be listening, be patient. It may simply be that he has a small piece of fluff in his ear. I was really not prepared for how many times we would have to discuss a theme or idea before it became common classroom parlance. But you know, it also took me two-plus years to learn all the acronyms at the college where I teach, and I still mess half of them up on a regular basis. Most not-listening isnt happening out of malice. And whether the fluff in the ear is exhaustion or worry about other classes or a mild case of the not-giving-a-damns, its almost never about me. Its okay to wing it. One of the advantages of being disorganized is that one is always having surprising discoveries. I used to plan these obsessive lectures, with long, detailed notes. I would write everything in even the corny jokes I was going to make and plan not only for the questions I was going to ask but for all the possible answers I could foresee. Can you spell Control Freak, boys and girls? One day in my second semester of teaching a 4/4 load, the wheels fell off the bus and I was panicked. Id marked all night, I was exhausted, and I had a class to teach armed only with my copy of the novel, my margin notes, and about three ideas I wanted them to take home. I walked into class and, terrified, began to just ask questions based on the questions I had posed to the text in my margin notes. We had the best. discussion. ever. And I never looked back. There is a book for everything. Then would you read a Sustaining Book, such as would help and comfort a Wedged Bear in Great Tightness. Books are comforting. I probably dont need to tell you that; youre reading Book Riot. But sometimes I forget that I am, for the most part, teaching 18- and 19-year-olds who are having VERY BIG MOMENTS and for whom the books I choose surprisingly turn out to be their own Sustaining Book.  Of course, this isnt literary criticism, but its a way into the book, and sometimes thats a great start. Sometimes the essay murders the idea. When you are a Bear of Very Little Brain, and you Think of Things, you find sometimes that a Thing which seemed very Thingish inside you is quite different when it gets out into the open and has other people looking at it. I have these marvellous conversations with students about texts where they can really see deep, thoughtful interconnections of ideas. They leave my office and I sit there, in a trance, because all of a sudden Im thinking about the text in a whole new way. And then I read the essay from the same student, and I feel like Ive been hit by a train. But you know, thinking Thingish Things is hard work and takes quite a lot of practice; writing Thingish Things down and retaining their Thingishness is an order of magnitude larger again. So I now try to build in lots of chances to discuss Thingish Things in different ways before the essay approaches, hoping some of the Thingishness can shine through. Leave my pretensions at the door. It is more fun to talk with someone who doesnt use long, difficult words but rather short, easy words like What about lunch?” Most things academics say, especially to first-year literature students, could stand to be simplified and clarified. This isnt about dumbing down but rather creating access points into the text. I remember as undergraduates, my husband and I were, in separate classes, frustrated with the concept of postmodernism, until one of his professors described it as, The Big Fuck Off.  Ahhhhhh, that I can get! Okay, now lets dig deeper. So we start with lunch, and we move on to the history of the baguette. Eventually. Literature is more than the intellectual. “Rabbits clever, said Pooh thoughtfully. Yes, said Piglet, Rabbits clever. And he has Brain. Yes, said Piglet, Rabbit has Brain. There was a long silence. I suppose, said Pooh, that thats why he never understands anything.” I have been humbled on more than one occasion by a student pointing out a totally surface, obvious reading of a text that brilliantly shatters my hyper-complex theory of the texts meaning. Grad school trains us to think one way, but its not the only way to approach texts, and the fresh eyes and ears of someone eagerly engaging with a text for the first time can spark such a fruitful conversation. Rome wasnt built in a semester. Rivers know this: there is no hurry. We shall get there some day. Every semester, I teach two sections of literature and two sections of academic writing. My students are unlikely to become either master close-readers or master essayists in a single semester of academic study, no matter how awesome I am. I found this disheartening at first. But now, starting my third year of teaching, Im just starting to hear from those early students about how they eventually did get why paragraph structure matters or how to read a poem. Im starting to understand that first-year English is about planting seeds and giving them just enough care and attention that theyll be able to sprout when theyre ready. Do you have a favourite Winnie-the-Pooh quotation to live by?

Impact Of Privatization On Non Performing Loans Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4602 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Current study describes the effect of privatization on non-performing loans of conventional commercial banks in Pakistan to some extent. Process of privatization started from 1988 due to non-satisfactory performance of banks, as there was lack of lenders plans, weak credit operations, increased loans sizes and many other similar factors. Studies revealed the better performance of private banks as compared to government owned banks. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact Of Privatization On Non Performing Loans Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Most important factor is about handling of non-performing loans which may be through early risk assessment, better law and order situations, regular monitoring and other similar factors. MCB, ABL, UBL and HBL banks were privatized in order to attain efficiencies and all of these banks showed significant improvement after the privatization. Values of non-performing loans is divided in to pre-privatization and post-privatization period and collected from Banking Surveillance Department (BSD) and from the official website of SBP. This thesis is based on the two main things, firstly privatization of government owned banks and Secondly Non-Performing Loans proportion with respect to the effect of privatization. Privatization of government owned banks in Pakistan was the main reason behind the overcome of weak banking sector and as part of this policy, for the very first time in 1991, two governments owned banks of Pakistan Muslim Commercial Bank (MCB) and Allied Bank Limited (ABL) were converted into private entities. The nature of the topic puts on view that that it cannot be studied in artificial environment. The topic has been analyzed in natural environment without any involvement, so the research is more of exploratory research and as well as descriptive. The purpose of the study is Exploratory in nature, as it aimed to collect and create appropriate information related to the topic. The method of conducting this research is based on secondary data. We have adopted the secondary data collection method, for that we have gone through the newspapers, internet, books, magazines, annual reports, articles and different libraries have been investigated. Keywords: Privatization, Pakistani banks, Loans INTRODUCTION Non-performing is: A loan that is not earning income and: (1) full payment of principal and interest is no longer anticipated, (2) principal or interest is 90 days or more delinquent, or (3) the maturity date has passed and payment in full has not been made. Non-Performing Loans or we call it a bad loan has been a big problem for not only developing countries but also for developed countries. Privatization has become an important aspect all over the world especially in developing countries of the world. Privatization is the transfer of ownership of government owned institutions to the private sector. It may be share issue privatization, asset sale privatization, voucher privatization. Many countries have adopted the formula of privatization in order to strengthen the banking performance and until now most of the developed countries have converted their state owned banks to private banks. According to the different studies privatization has played a major role in Banking Sector to develop it in a more efficient manner but issue of Non-Performing Loans is still debatable all over the world, especially in developing countries. Researchers have found that most of the banks were merged or were closed in order to avoid the bankruptcy and main reason which was disclosed was high non performing loans and their high cost. All countries in the world consider banking sector as a backbone of any developed country and to make the financial sector strong and stable, governments involve actively. Pakistani government has also worked actively in making the banking sector efficient and no doubt that after privatization Pakistani banking sector has performed very well in the global market, but the main problem in Pakistan which is still held there, is the problem of Non-Performing Loans.The ongoing Non-Performing Loans has created a complex environment for banking sectors throughout the world but the most affecting one are developing countries whose banking sector has not really showed a vast improvement compare to developed countries. The main problem is the balance sheet which never figures out the true essence of Non-Performing loans. Pakistan Non-Performing Loans might be considered as a problem in the same way but there are so many reasons which compelled Pakistan to revive their banking sector and to exp ose the true picture of Non-Performing Loans. Privatization efforts in Pakistan began in Pakistan in 1988, when the banks were treated as the employment exchanges. Employers were hired on the political bases instead of on the merit bases. More and more branches were opened causing over employment. There were no trained professionals, less customer royalty, budget deficit, foreign debt burden, trade deficit, disequilibrium in the balance of payments, increasing non-performing loans. The performance of Government owned banks were at alarming level, there was lack of the financial disciplines. Privatization has been an important aspect all over the world especially the developing countries of the world like Pakistan. Two banks ABL and MCB were privatized in the decade of 1990 to 2002. A privatization commission was establish in 1991. The main purpose of privatization is to improve the performance of banking sector like asset quality, capital adequacy, earning profitability and liquidity. In 1991 Allied bank and MCB bank were privatized and the ownership of ABL was transferred to consortium comprising Ibrahim Leasing Limited and Ibrahim group. Ownership of MCB was transferred to Nishat Group lead consortium in 1991. HBL was privatized in 2003 when government of Pakistan firmly handover the management control to Agha Khan Fund for Economic Development (AKFED). In 2002 UBL was privatized with the ownership transferred to Best Way Abu Dhabi group. The main purpose of our study is to check the impact of privatization on non-performing loans of banks in Pakistan. Non-performing loan is the defaulted loan which is the sum of borrowed money upon which the debtor has not made the scheduled payment for at least 90 days. Non-performing loan is either default or closed to being in default. If debtor starts making payment again on a non-performing loan, it becomes a re-performing loan even if the debtor has not caught up on all the missed payments. When loan goes default maximum three months then that loan is consider to be a non-performing loan. Non-performing loans are classified by State bank of Pakistan into different categories according to their recovery. If the amount received is less than 75% of receivable and overdue by more than 180 days, it treated under the head of Other Assets specially mentioned. If the amount recovered is less than 60% and over due by more than 1 year is treated as substandard. If the amount recovered is less than 10% and overdue by more than 2 years is treated as doubtful. Similarly if the amount recovered is less than 2% and overdue by more than 3 years, treated as loss. The main reasons behind the occurrence of non-performing loans are due to the lenders lack plan to deal with risk, reduced intention to borrowers, moving along with the risk curve, weak credit operations, increased loan size increased the risk. In 1980 Italian market faced an increase in the non-performing loans due to high speculation in real estate market. The investors were more interested to invest their money in real estate markets as the economic condition of Italian markets at that time was so good. Investors were taking more and more loans from banks to earn from speculated prices in real estate markets but as the bubble of speculation burst in real estate, the investors faced a huge loss and become unable to pay back the loan to banks. The percentage of non-performing loans in Italy was contributed by real estate. Another reason of increase in non-performing loans in Italian markets was the poor policies of loans recovery. The government laws contradicted the banking policie s for loans recovery. The banker borrower relationships also contributed to increase in non-performing loans. This relationship weakened the credit control policies, as there was no detailed investigation process before the sanction of loans. The same problem was observed in Swedish financial markets where the non-performing loans caused the financial crises. They were focusing only on increasing the loan volumes and did not pay attention to cash flow processes. Our study is based on the four banks which were privatized in Pakistan and aimed to observe whether the privatization has reduced the amount of non-performing loans or not. SCOPE Paper focus on four Banks. SIGNIFICANCE There is a significant impact of privatization on the non-performing loans as the privatization has reduced the value of non-performing loans. There are many other factors along with privatization that positively impacted on banking performance in Pakistan. LITERATURE REVIEW Privatization is considered to be a tool to improve the values of non-performing loans of banks. Caribean development and cooperation committee (2001) conducted a study to observe the impact of privatization on the banking sector in Caribean. A significant improvement in the performance of banks was observed. Innovations, services and increased growth in the broad money to GDP was seen but it also increased the operating cost and interest rate spread. Megginson,W.L (2003) compared the performance of state owned banks with the private banks and found a significant difference in the performance of private owned banks. The empirical evidences showed that the state owned banks are less efficient than the private owned banks. Hussain,I (2004) observed that improvement can be achieved by privatizing the banks to some private investor instead of employees of that bank, as in the case of Allied Bank Limited whos ownership was transferred to its employees but it was a bad experience as the post-privatization performance was less than pre-privatization performance. Instead of this MCBs ownership was transferred to a group of private strategic investor that results in an efficient way. One study conducted by Jessica and Isac (2004) on the market of Italy and Sweeden and described the two ways for securing non-performing loans in small markets like Sweeden, it is better to handle bybanks himself, while in vast markets like Italy, the auction in public to asset management companies (AMCs) is better. After further investigation it was seen that historic actions of government, credit culture and management decisions crucially caused the spread of non-performing loans. Both methods of handling non-performing loans are important and they are to be used according to specific national conditions. Bonin, J.P, Hassan, I Wachtel, P (2005) studied the comparison of foreign-owned banks and government-owned banks in six relatively advanced countries, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Hungary, Poland and Romania. It was found the foreign-owned banks more efficient than government-owned banks. Two important factors that affect the efficiency of banks are the timing of privatization and the methods of privatization. Beck, T, Cull, R Jerome, A (2005) the Nigerian banks performance for the period of 1990-2001 was observed to know the effect of privatization. The banks that were privatized showed improved performance while the government owned banks were in bad condition. Islam, S, M (2005) conducted a study to find the causes and consequences of non-performing loans and described that non-performing loan cannot be avoided but can handle in a wise able way. Loans are defaulted due to poor plans to deal with risk, reduce attentions to borrowers, moving along the risk curve and lack of good models. The non-performing loans can be recovered timely by early risk assessments, motivation, and law and order situation, helped from recovery agency, reducing relaxation, developing situation specific models, real time training, regular monitoring and trade off. Khalid, U (2006) the impact of privatization and liberalization was observed which showed an improvement in the banking indicators of Pakistan. Khan, B (2006) Pre and Post privatization impact was observed on banks in Pakistan. It was concluded that there was a significant improvement in liquidity ratios, profitability, deposits and non-performing loans after privatization. Umer (2006) used CAMELS framework of financial indicators to describe the effect of privatization and liberalization on the performance of banking sector of Pakistan. Privatization resulted in improved most of financial indicators in particular the performance of privatized banks has been less than satisfactory mainly due to poor showing of ABL whose ownership was transferred to its employees group. Imran and Tariq (2009) did a secondary data based result to see whether the privatization reduced the proportion of non-performing loans and increased the performance of banks or not. They studied the period of 1990 to 2004 during which MCB and ABL were privatized under the artificial environment, exploratory as well descriptive research was done by the use of SPSS software and found a positive impact of privatization on non-performing loans and improved performance. Takashi observed the Japans experience of non-performing loans, that how they affect the real economy. A relationship between the increase in non-performing loans and effects on economy was considered. They concluded the two main reasons of increase in non-performing loans i.e. the collapse of land prices, credit crunch and forbearance lending. It affected the economy indicators to fall below. Bakhtiar studied the two banks MCB and ABL to understand the impact of privatization on the banking sector Pakistan. The privatization effected on the efficiency, economy, employment, new product services and also effected legal environment. Improvement in liquidity ratios, deposits, profitability, new products and services showed the improved efficiency of banking sector, mobilization of savings increased loans, advances and investment showed improved economy. The impact was also observed on employees as salary and remuneration increased number of employees decreased but not at the alarming level. After studying the impact of privatization on economy, banking sector and effect on non-performing loans by using different models and techniques i.e CAMELS or CLSA, an effort is made to observe the impact of privatization on the non-performing loans of banks in Pakistan. PRIVATIZATION OF BANKS In 1977 it was observed that the economic situation of many industries especially banks is not satisfactory and they are suffering loss. There was lack of decision making, efficiency and investmentwas also limited. In order to overcome this situation the government of Pakistan has decided to privatize the banks. The study is based on the privatization of four banks i.e. Allied bank Limited, United bank Limited, MCB, and Habib bank Limited before and after privatization. Muslim Commercial Bank Limited (MCB) The bank has more than 60 years of experience as a leading bank in Pakistan. It was incorporated by Adamjee group on july9, 1947. The bank received prestigious recognition and award by Euro money, MMT, Asia Money, SAFA (SAARC), The Assets and the Asian Banker. Pre-Privatization Before the privatization the non-performing loans and other indicators of MCB showed that in the period of 1980-1990 the non-performing loans were in the range of 25% to 18%. The percentage of income to assets was 0.381. MCB was performing only traditional services like deposits mobilization and credit extension, project financing of industries. There were no services like personal financings, credit cards, ATM, online banking, phone banking and even housing finances. Privatization MCB was privatized on 6 April, 1991 with 26% share sold to national group at price of Rs.56 per share that amounts for total Rs.2.4 billion. There was a sales agreement between government of Pakistan and national group. According to that agreement further 25% shares were offered for subscription to public on Feb 19, 1992. Post-Privatization The growth of MCB after privatization can be observed by some indicators as total assets of MCB which were 18% in 1994 increased to 28% in 2003. A 10% increase in upward trend was seen. Total deposits were 17.6 in 1994 and grew to 26.5% in 2003 thus 9% increase in upward trend. Total advances in 1990 were 17.7% which increased to 26.7% in 2003. Non-performing loans to total loans percentage was 18.6% in 1993 which decreased to 11% in 2004 which is a great improvement in recovery of loans. Earning assets to total assets percentage for five years average is 81.20% which is higher than industry average. Allied Bank Limited (ABL) Allied Bank was the first Muslim bank which established in Pakistan as the Australian bank in Lahore with a paid up share capital of Rs.0.12 Million under the chairman ship of Khuwaja Bashir Bux. ABL has a history of more than sixty years of banking operation and having750 branches. Allied bank is leading the industry with the largest network of ATMs countrywide. Pre-Privatization As ABL was the only Muslim bank and formed on Aug 14, 1947, it faced many riots in East Punjab. Many of its branches in India were closed down and new branches in Karachi, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, Sialkot, Sargodha, Jhang, Gujranwala and Kasur. In 1974 the bank was renamed Allied Bank Limited due to the resolution of Board of directors of Australasia Bank. The profit in the first year exceeds Rs.10 Million. Deposits increased by 50% and reached Rs.1460 Million. Investment increased by 72% and advances exceeds Rs.1080 million and it was for the first time in the history of bank. The seventeen years of the Bank saw a rapid growth. Branches increased from 353 in 1974 to 748 in 1991. Deposits rose from Rs.1.46 billion, and Advances and investments from Rs.1.34 billion to Rs.22 billion during this period. It also opened three branches in the UK. Privatization After MCB, Allied Bank was the second bank in the public sector to be privatized. In September 1991 ABL was privatized through an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP). On September 9, 1991, 26% shares were sold to the Allied Management Group, which represented the employees of ABL at a price of Rs.70 per share. On August 23, 1993, another 25% shares were sold to AMG at a price ofRs.70 per share. This resulted in transfer of ownership from the Government of Pakistan to AMG so the ownership transfer from public to private. Post-Privatization After privatization, Allied Bank registered an unprecedented growth to become one of the premier financial institutions of Pakistan. Allied Banks capital and reserves were Rs.1.525 Billion and assets amounted to Rs.87.536 Billion and deposits were Rs.76.038 Billion. Allied Bank enjoyed an enviable position in the financial sector of Pakistan and was recognized as one of the best amongst the major banks of the country. In 1999, it transpired that one of ABLs major defaulters had purchased about 35-40% of ABL shares from employees but in July 1999, the State Bank imposed restrictions on the transfer of shares from employees to non-employees. On August 3, 2001, the SBP removed the Chairman and three Directors from the Board of ABL, who were also employees of ABL, as they were found to be working against the interests of ABL and its depositors and appointed a new Board to look after the affairs of the bank. In April 2003 the State Bank initiated the process of reconstruction of the bank and transfer of its ownership to one of the existing financial institutions in the private sector that will acquire strategic shareholding. In August 2004 as a result of capital reconstruction, the Banks ownership was transferred to a consortium comprising Ibrahim Leasing Limited and Ibrahim Group. United Bank Limited (UBL) Retail Banking and related services domestically and overseas. A professional team was appointed in the mid of 1997 for the purpose of restructure the bank and to commence rightsizing. The management is also in the process of rationalizing the branch network and identifying and recovering the doubtful and classified portfolio. It has planned to institute major improvements in customer services and internal UBL formed in 1959 and now one of the major banks in Pakistan in terms of deposits and advances with a huge domestic and international network. UBL is a Banking Company, which is engaged in Commercial systems to improve efficiency of bank. It also intends to launch innovative products. The bank is increasing resource mobilization through regular deposit campaigns and accelerating the process of recovery of outstanding advances and non-performing assets. Pre-privatization Tracking the history backward, after it was proposed that UBL privatized has recorded the heaviest fall in profitability in 1994. The pretax profit reduced from Rs.275 million in 1993 to Rs.59 million in 1994 an alarming decline of 79%. Since nationalization, around two decades ago, successive governments appointed management had doled out around Rs.17 billion (25% of all advances) worth of non-recoverable loans in the form of politically influenced advances. This is essentially Rs.17 billion of depositors funds given out to favorites who are now either unwilling or unable to pay them back. The bank, as a result, is now being run with an estimated negative net worth of more than Rs.12 billion The Banks 28 foreign branches were profitable but a large number of its local branches continue to incur heavy losses. On top of it the influence of Union and political pressures, to the level of rendering the management helpless, has resulted in 40% of its loans being termed non-performing. Th e bank was also suffering a surplus staff of nearly eight thousand in its total strength of 22,500, whose future hangs in uncertainty. Besides over-staffing the bank also suffers from non-professionalism, deliberate violation of rules, wasteful expenditures and lack of accountability. Privatization In 2002, the Government of Pakistan sold it in an open auction to a consortium of Abu Dhabi Group and Best way Group. Abu Dhabi Group has given Rs.12.3 billion each acquiring 25.5% shares and management control in the bank. In 2002 the bank merged its operations in the UK with those belonging to National Bank of Pakistan to form United National Bank Limited. United Bank owns 55% of the joint-venture and National Bank of Pakistan owning the remainder. Post-Privatization The performance of bank after the privatization improved as many banking indicators are showing. The Paid-up capital of United Bank Limited was increased by way of bonus during 2006, deposit base increased by 16% and that was Rs.335.1 billion. Due to the international growth of bank almost 19%of total deposits base is mobilized from the overseas branches and it contributed almost 52% of total growth in 2006. Net advances increased from Rs.204.b billion to Rs.247.3 billion during 2006 both the corporate and consumer lending contributed to the growth achieved during 2006. Although there has been growth in NPLs overall portfolio quality indicators have improved with net infection reducing to 1.1%. UBL has also grown to the international markets as 15 branches are created in various foreign countries. Profit before tax from these international operations increased by 31% to Rs.2.48 billion during 2006. Total assets of UBL also increased by 22% that is Rs.423.3 billion in 2006 from Rs.347 .1 billion at the end of previous year. Habib Bank Limited (HBL) Habib bank limited is the first commercial bank that was formed in 1947. It remained a successful bank in Pakistan and it was ranked as a largest private bank in Pakistan with 1450 branches across the nation. HBL is enjoy a good ranking for long term as well as for short term i.e. AA for long term and A1+ for short term.. Habib bank Limited was nationalized in Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto regime and after that the performance showed a positive indicator. The commercial banking market share reached to 55% by inward remittances and also the loan scheme for farmers and small businesses. It that times the profit of HBL was doubled from all other commercial banks like MCB, ABL, NBP and UBL. Pre-Privatization Habib bank was enjoying a good performance after its nationalization. In in the regime of Ayub Khan a new scheme for loans was introduced whose purpose was to boost the agriculture sector. That scheme was named Green revolution. In the government of Junejo a new strategy was formulated in order to cut down the expenses and for the profit maximization and that strategy provided fruitful results. In the government of Shoukat Aziz, another strategy was formulated which aimed to retire old employees by golden shake hand packages and to hire young, and energetic employees to gain the efficiency in workings. It boosts the bank performance as bank was enjoying huge profits, huge salary increment, bonuses and other compensative incentives. Privatization Privatization of HBL was done by Dr. Abdul Hafiz on 29th Dec 2003 and as a result of that biding the management was given to Agha Khan Funds for Economic Development by 51% shares for Rs.22.409billion. Post-Privatization A significant improvement in the performance of bank was seen. The management of the bank was handed over to chairman of the bank. HBL first time introduced the concept of corporate governance as per SBPs requirement due to which only the CEO was the executive body of the bank. It was decided to have meeting of board after every 3 months. If we observe the financial indicator of the bank after privatization, the impact of privatization can be viewed. The total deposits of the bank increased by 12% during the years of 2003-2004. The total assets also increased which reduces the risk of liquidity. Loan and advances grown by 41% and liquid assets were decreased which were due to the investments in different portfolios and it was resulted by the decrease in the non-performing loans. The net income also increased by 10%. Total expenditure of the bank was increased by 42 % which was the result of increase in deposits. The non-performing loans were decreased by 56%. Almost 46 branches were closed that were non-profitable. GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS Muslim Commercial Bank Limited The PR-P line is representing the pre-privatization non-performing loans of MCB Bank. In 1988 the non-performing loans reached to 29% which was very high and it may be due to the placement of new government. PO-P line is representing the non-performing loans after the privatization. During 2004 to 2008 NPLs reduced to one digit figure this was the period of new government of Parvez Musharaf. This was the booming period of economy. MCB has also been awarded as a Euro money Award 2008 for the Best Bank in Asia but unfortunately NPLs again begins to rise in 2010 because of the political crises. Figure 1: Muslim Commercial Bank Limited Allied Bank Limited In 1981-84 board of directors of bank was dissolved and new management took over the bank so there we find a large figure of NPLs. In the starting period after privatization in NPLs were increasing continuously till 2003 because of the continuous change in management and policies of banks. Bank saw a rapid growth in 2007-2010 as well as saw a decline in NPLs. Figure 2: Allied Bank Limited United Bank Limited In 1998 due to influence of union and political pressure, the management became helpless which results the 40% increment in NPLs. During 2001 the Bank merged their operations with National bank of Pakistan in UK which made decrease in NPLs. After privatization NPLs shows one digit figures because of his rapid growth in banking sector. Figure 3: United Bank Limited Habib Bank Limited HBL had a problem of over staffing which shrinkage the profits. During pre-privatization period HBL was highly influenced by the government policies which cause the lack of consistency. After privatization HBL had considerable growth. They changed their management style from traditional to corporate. On the other hand, the provisions provided by HBL to its NPLs are decreased by 56% as compare to pre-privatization period. Figure 4: Habib Bank Limited CONCLUSION From the graphical analysis it has been cleared that there is a significant impact of privatization on the non-performing loans as the privatization has reduced the value of non-performing loans. The most important is the Banking Reform by State Bank of Pakistan. From 1990s the effort was started to improve the banking performances, also with the non-performing aspect. A number of reforms were introduced for the restructuring regulations and policies. Due to banking reform, Corporate governance standards were first time introduced, risk assessment and loan portfolio management, supervision and improvement in credit decision by removing political influence was done. Human resource recruitments at all levels were made on merit. Information technology was improved to introduce e-banking. Almost 75% of banking employees and 90% of banking customers represented that these banking reforms has positively effected on the performance of banks. And only 20% banking employees, 4% banking custom ers showed dissatisfaction as it has increased the cost too. Minimum capital requirement was also set up in these reforms that are Rs.1.0billion to Rs.2.0billion. So, there are many other factors along with privatization that positively impacted on banking performance in Pakistan.

Gender Roles And The Attributes Of A Person - 1471 Words

Gender roles and the attributes that a person is believed to need, in order to be male or female, has at times, affected me negatively throughout my life. I never questioned my gender as a child, but made the connection that our society views femininity with being biologically born female and masculinity with being male. I didn t have much of a problem going outside of my assigned gender roles as that is what my parents exposed me to. My father though, he fits the traditional roles of a man; going to work and providing for his family, did many things that are considered women s roles: taking care of his kids, cooking, cleaning, he was very nurturing and often did not discipline us as harshly as my mother, etc. My mother seemed to fit†¦show more content†¦This was an issue throughout high school though, there I met other girls that were like me. I was still teased for not being feminine enough. My freshman year of high school I was in a play with a children s theater that I was working with, as at that time I dreamed of becoming an actress. I was a fairy in the play Flash Gordon and while rehearsing the pianist told me that I should practice my role with a higher voice as my role was feminine and my voice was â€Å"too deep and masculine like a boy. This was the first time I ever really felt that my attributes were a problem. I then associated being feminine with having a high voice. My gender was often questioned by my traits after this. People often called me like a boy in a dress. This was followed by individuals making connections to my sexuality. With outside sources telling me that I wasn t like â€Å"a real girl† yet, â€Å"too girly† to be a boy from males I struggled with the terms feminine and masculine as well as boy and girl. I never identified myself as either feminine or masculine nor female or male. 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Assignment on Principles of Management Free Essays

There are many factors that constitute on how to achieve excellence in management especially in the case of Starbucks under Howard Shultz. Indeed, management is getting things done, through efficient means that would maximize profit while keeping costs down. In order to be competitive and for an organization to be successful in the field of management and to be productive, there are lots of things to be considered. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment on Principles of Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such aspects are the performance of the leaders or managers of the firm and the performance of the firm as whole, safety measures regarding the management, risks that will come along that the organization are going to face and ways to overcome them, and the influence of consultation (Pollock, 2001). In line with these factors that management of organization must consider are the needs of the organization. These needs can be achieved through the knowledge of the management and technological approaches the management would choose (Barclay, 1997). Dealing with those needs is important and constitute to the excellence in management. There are lots of experiments on how to achieve excellence in management was done by Shultz in achieving the status Starbucks have today. Some findings are the need to change strategies, designs that can be used to evaluate the organizations’ success, measures as standard basis, methods and ways to adapt to a complex environment; whether to stay with their current strategies in a constant environment or to change due to the changing environment, and many more (Resources, 2006). A. Ways to Achieving Management Excellence 1. Excellence through Performance Management One design that will constitute on the excellence in management of an organization is through the giving incentives to the individual. This will be dependent on their performance in their field of work. This is called the pay-for-performance system (William K. Redmon, 2005). For the simple reason, the aim for additional income, the individuals’ development can be achieve by doing this. By doing this, the gap in the individuals’ goal and the organizational goal can be lessen or even better, will be gone. In addition, the costs of goods and services are also in its minimal due to the incentive pays that motivates employees. This motivation factors makes employees to become more productive. In fact, some of the companies are now changing their way on how to pay their employees, from normal salary basis and or hourly basis wage systems, to payment based on the employee’s performance (pay-for-performance system). As of this time, organizations are having difficulty recruiting workers. This may be due to the minimum wage salaries that they offer. Because of this reason, the firms and other organizations are thinking of ways on how to attract new workers and to retain the old ones. Other companies have the way of increasing the employee’s salaries, thus making an addition to their expenses and labor costs. In addition to this, performance of these newly hired workers cannot be said to have reached the organization’s needs. Then the need for performance improvement are then on the play. Here comes the study on how to management motivates employees that will become a great use in achieving organizational goal. Organizations have used incentives using incentives such as additional pay depending on the performance of individual employees (Studies, 2004). What others have done is to give those who are in the hard work for the organization’s goal some incentives in the form of not a monetary value but for the recognition of their behaviors. Such examples of non-monetary value incentives are promotions. Most organizations do such things like this for motivating their employees to be more productive. Together with the individual’s aim for promotion, is the organization having greater profit and lessens the costs of services. Other non-monetary value incentives are recognition of the employees, for example, employee of the month award, best employee of the year, and many more. Such behavioral way of motivations is of great help in achieving excellence in management of an organization. Implementation of a goal through goal-setting program can be used by management to evaluate employee’s performances. Feedback program can be added and to this method. Feedback may be of good or bad based on the goal settled by the organization. For employees perception of this settled goal may have different effects depending on the individual. Some responds to the better productivity, while others have done absenteeism. An increase in productivity means the goal settled by the management served as a challenge and thus motivates the employee for better work. On the other hand, this served as constraints for other workers. Feedbacks however are used to chase away criticism but are used for employee’s performance evaluation. That’s for the reason that criticisms are agents of exploitation that management didn’t want to interfere with the management. What feedback supposed to do is to give an evaluation, whether it may be bad or good, that will serve as a constructive criticism to employees. If the feedback was bad, that doesn’t mean that the employee was bad at all, but to show the deficiency the employee have and to overcome for the employee to overcome this. If the feedback was good, that means that the employees work was recognized and then the tendency of being a more hard working employee will come up to the mind of the employee. This is how behavioral management in an organization plays. II. Management Practices: A. Comparison Let’s take a look at some organizations/companies that won some awards regarding the excellence in management. For the supply chain excellence, the Starbuck’s Coffee chain having the strategy model of high-speed build-to-order delivery services has been recognized. The Starbuck’s Coffee won one of the dealings on the supply chain excellence; speed. To measure the excellence in management of the Starbuck’s Coffee, a checklist was made with all the criteria of being excellent in management as the standard basis. How to cite Assignment on Principles of Management, Essays

Progressive tax Essay Example

Progressive tax Essay Willard Mitt Romney, was born March 12, 1947, in Detroit. He is an American businessman who served as the 70th Governor of Massachusetts from 2003 to 2007. He was the Republican Partys nominee for President of the United States in the 2012 election. Romney was raised in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. His parents were Lenore and George W. Romney. Mitt Romney spent two and a half years in France as a Mormon missionary starting in 1966. He married Ann Davies in 1969. They had five children. In 1971, he earned a Bachelor   of Arts degree   from Brigham Young.Also in 1975, a joint Juris Doctor and Master of Business Administration from Harvard. Romney than officially became involved with the business field as a career. He secured a position at Bain ;amp; Company. Later serving as its chief executive officer, he helped lead the company out of financial crisis. In 1984, he co-founded and led the spin-off company Bain Capital, a highly profitable private equity investment firm that became o ne of the largest of its kind in the nation. Economy, everyone might wonder what mitt will do and he believes in free enterprise, hard work, and innovation. His plan consist of reduce taxes, spending, regulation, and government programs.Mitt’s plan to help The United States of America, is to increase the number in jobs. Romney plans to increase trade, energy production, human capital, and labor flexibility. With Romney in the house, Obama care would be out. Romney’s view on healthcare consist of the following: wouldn’t affect seniors or those near retirement, would not raise taxes, and support to help the pupil choose between traditional Medicare or private plans. This â€Å"Health Care† Romney speaks of will provide the same care and medicine like Medicare, but to a coverage. Mitt Romney is pro-life. He believes that all Americans have a voice, that should not be take away from them.People from whatever background know that millions and millions of abort ions happen every year. Romney would like to go to the Supreme Court and overturn Roe v. Wade. with this in mind, Romney will have each and every state have their own abortion laws. Romney will protect the Doctors, nurse, etc. of Hospitals. Meaning Saint Catherine for example, will not be giving abortions. Romney will have judges that know the choice between personal opinion and the law. Romney believes this statement.. â€Å" Why are we taking the lives of the most innocent among us† Marriage is between one woman and one man, or so believes Mitt Romney. Romney says he wants to support traditional marriage.Romney would like to propose a Federal Marriage Amendment to the Constitution defining marriage as between one man and one woman. Paul Ryan Bio Ryan was born in Janesville,Wisconsin. He was the youngest child in his family of four. his mother Elizabeth and his father Paul Murray Ryan who was a lawyer. Paul is a fifth generation. Ryan attended St. Marys Catholic in Janesvill e, where he was elected president of his junior class, and then became prom king. As class president Ryan was a representative of the student body on the school board. Following his sophomore year,   Ryan took a job working the grill at McDonalds. He was on his nighschools ski,track,and varsity soccer teams and played basketball in a Catholic recreational league.He also participated in several academic and social clubs including the Model United Nations. When he was 16, Ryan found his 55 year old father lying dead in bed of a heart attack. ISSUES: Mitt Romney Taxes Reducing and stabilizing federal spending is essential, but breathing life into the present anemic recovery will also require fixing the nation’s tax code to focus on jobs and growth. To repair the nation’s tax code, marginal rates must be brought down to stimulate entrepreneurship, job creation, and investment, while still raising the revenue needed to fund a smaller, smarter, simpler government. The prin ciple of fairness must be preserved in federal tax and spending policy. Individual TaxesAmerica’s individual tax code applies relatively high marginal tax rates on a narrow tax base. Those high rates discourage work and entrepreneurship, as well as savings and investment. With 54 percent of private sector workers employed outside of corporations, individual rates also define the incentives for job-creating businesses. Lower marginal tax rates secure for all Americans the economic gains from tax reform. * Make permanent, across-the-board 20 percent cut in marginal rates * Maintain current tax rates on interest, dividends, and capital gains * Eliminate taxes for taxpayers with AGI below $200,000 on interest, dividends, and capital gains * Eliminate the Death Tax Repeal the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) Corporate Taxes The U. S. economy’s 35 percent corporate tax rate is among the highest in the industrial world, reducing the ability of our nation’s businesses to c ompete in the global economy and to invest and create jobs at home. By limiting investment and growth, the high rate of corporate tax also hurts U. S. wages. * Cut the corporate rate to 25 percent * Strengthen and make permanent the R;amp;D tax credit * Switch to a territorial tax system * Repeal the corporate Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) Romney Immigration Romney tends to emphasize border security and an immigration system that will benefit the economy.To secure the borders, Romney wants   to complete the construction of a high-tech fence along the Southern border with Mexico. He says he wants enough officers for border security, but does not specify if more, or how many, officers might be needed. Additionally, he wants to improve the exit verification system to make sure that immigrants do not overstay their temporary visas. To retain skilled workers, Romney proposes offering permanent residency status to foreign students who obtain an advanced degree in math, science or engine ering at a U. S. university. For industries that need and use temporary workers from outside the United States, Romney wants to reform the temporary worker visa system by removing requirements that slow the process of obtaining the visa.To discourage immigrants from entering the country, or staying in the country, without proper documentation, Romney would like to develop an improved employment verification system for employers to ensure that they are not hiring unauthorized immigrants. During the race for the Republican nomination, Romney argued that there would be no need to increase deportations of unauthorized immigrants because implementing a functional employment verification system would make it difficult for them to find a job and they would self deport. Romney also opposes magnets, or benefits, for unauthorized immigrants that he believes encourages immigrants to enter the country without authorization.When he was governor of Massachusetts, he vetoed a bill that would allo w in-state tuition for unauthorized immigrants and opposed drivers licenses for illegal immigrants. Romney does not support the DREAM Act, arguing that it too would be a magnet for unauthorized immigrants. He does, however, support one small part of the DREAM Act – he believes that unauthorized immigrants who were brought to the country as minors and have served in the military should be given permanent residency status. Romney has also said he would not, if elected, revoke the visas of those who obtained residency through Obamas Dream decisions. Democrats Akaka, Daniel K. (D-HI) Bingaman, Jeff (D-NM) Brown, Sherrod (D-OH)Cantwell, Maria (D-WA) Cardin, Benjamin L. (D-MD) Carper, Thomas R. (D-DE) Casey, Robert P. , Jr. (D-PA) Conrad, Kent (D-ND) Feinstein, Dianne (D-CA) Gillibrand, Kirsten E. (D-NY) Klobuchar, Amy (D-MN) Kohl, Herb (D-WI) Manchin, Joe, III (D-WV) McCaskill, Claire (D-MO) Menendez, Robert (D-NJ) Nelson, Ben (D-NE) Nelson, Bill (D-FL) Stabenow, Debbie (D-MI) Tes ter, Jon (D-MT) Webb, Jim (D-VA) Whitehouse, Sheldon (D-RI) Republicans Barrasso, John (R-WY) Brown, Scott P. (R-MA) Corker, Bob (R-TN) Hatch, Orrin G. (R-UT) Heller, Dean (R-NV) Hutchison, Kay Bailey (R-TX) Kyl, Jon (R-AZ) Lugar, Richard G. (R-IN) Snowe, Olympia J. (R-ME) Wicker, Roger F. (R-MS) IndependentsLieberman, Joseph I. (ID-CT) Sanders, Bernard (I-VT) House of Representatives of Indiana 1st Congressional District Democratic primary: Peter Visclosky: 42,219 votes Republican primary: Joel Phelps: 17,164 votes 2012 winner: Peter visclosky, Democrat 2nd Congressional District Democratic primary: Brendan Mullen: 11,218 votes Republican primary: Jackie Walorski: 46,873 votes 2012 winner: Jackie Walorski, Republican 3rd Congressional District Democratic primary: Kevin Boyd: 5,985 votes Republican primary: Marlin Stutzman: 74,812 votes 2012 winner: Marlin Stutzman, Republican 4th Congressional District Democratic primary: Tara Nelson: 7,018 votesRepublican primary: Todd Rokita: 73, 089 votes 2012 winner: Todd Rokita, Republican 5tht Congressional District Democratic primary: Scott Reske: 13,175 votes Republican primary: Susan Brooks: 31,185 votes 2012 winner: Susan Brooks, Republican 6th Congressional District Democratic primary: Brad Bookout: 8,278 votes Republican primary: Luke Messer: 32,859 votes 2012 winner: Luke Messer, Republican 7th Congressional District Democratic primary: Andre Carson: 34,782 votes Republican primary: Carlos May: 10,783 votes 2012 winner: Andre Carson, Democrat 8th Congressional District Democratic primary: Dave Crooks: 18,634 votes Republican primary: Larry Bucshon: 34,511 votes 012 winner: Larry Bucshon, Republican 9th Congressional District Democratic primary: Shelli Yoder: 13,186 votes Republican primary: Todd Young: 59,372 votes 2012 winner: Todd Young, Republican How did the debates affect the outcome of the election? The debates have a minor change on the outcome of the election. The two candidates   Mitt Romney and Barack Obama   both went   at each other in the debates. Mitt Romney who won the first election looked to be in control of the polls. President Obama came back and won both of the next two debates. Both of the candidates were going at each other about how they were going to run the country if they were elected president.President Obama won the majority of the debates and did go on to win the election. The people who watch the debates get to learn about the presidents and what they have to offer. I think that if Romney would of won the debates he still wouldve lost the election, why President Obama helps more of the middle class and poor which a lot of people need help. The single women also had a huge vote for President Obama. I think the election is based on how the candidate is going to benefit America and thats why Barack Obama won. He is going to benefit more people then Mitt Romney was. Kaelyn Czubak Juliana Cruz Jacob Bishop Larry Crisler Monday, November 19, 2012 Period 4, U. S. History OBAMA VS. ROMNEY